New Forms of Political Party Membership
This Primer analyse these new forms of political party membership and presents how different parties and contexts have given birth…
Geographical Coverage: Global
Non-executive Presidents in Parliamentary Democracies
This document analyses how a non-executive president is a symbolic leader of a state who performs a representative and civic…
Official Language Designation
This Primer addresses the role of language in constitutional design, and the key considerations, implications and potential challenges that arise…
Opposition and Legislative Minorities: Constitutional Roles, Rights and Recognition
This Primer examines the recognition, roles and rights of the opposition and the legislative minority in democratic constitutions.
Out-of-Country Voting: Learning from Practice
This report presents practical examples from different countries and highlights key issues to be considered before introducing out-of-country (ocv) voting…
Mechanisms for Indigenous Representation, Participation and Consultation in Constitutional Systems
This report presents comparative examples of self-determinative institutional mechanisms that empower Indigenous peoples to be heard by and influence decision…
Limitation Clauses
This document examines limitation clauses as enabling constitutional rights to be partially limited, to a specified extent and for certain…
Local Democracy
This document examines local democracy as the self-government of cities, towns, villages and districts by democratic means—typically, but not exclusively,…
Interim Governance Arrangements in Post-Conflict and Fragile Settings
This Report provides an understanding of how temporary governance during major political transitions is structured and how it works in…
Judicial Tenure, Removal, Immunity and Accountability
This Primer covers the rules governing the tenure, immunity, discipline and removal of judges in constitutional democracies. In particular, it…