Polarization and Citizen Participation: Barriers, motivations and conditions for a more inclusive democracy examines how different forms of political polarisation influence citizen participation beyond voting in Spain. Based on a nationwide survey and focus groups, the report finds that while political disagreement exists, most Spaniards continue to engage respectfully with people who hold different views, and participation remains active through petitions, demonstrations, community engagement and other civic activities. Rather than reducing polarisation itself, the report argues that the key democratic challenge is designing participatory processes that can accommodate disagreement through visible neutrality, respectful dialogue, meaningful representation and clear, tangible outcomes. (Only in spanish)
